Last Minute Lecture

Crisis, Grief, Suicide, and Abuse Interventions — NCLEX-PN Review | Chapter 64: Saunders Chapter 64 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides a detailed guide to crisis theory, grief responses, suicide prevention, and abuse interventions. This content equips NCLEX-PN candidates with practical, legally compliant strategies for supporting vulnerable individuals in high-risk situations. Watch the lecture above for a comprehensive NCLEX-focused review of crisis management, grief processes, suicide care, and abuse intervention nursing protocols. Crisis Theory & Intervention Phases of crisis: initial impact, disorganization, resolution or maladaptation. Types of crises: maturational (life transitions), situational (unexpected events), adventitious (disasters, violence). Nursing care: immediate emotional support, problem-solving, connecting to resources. Grief and Loss ...

Addiction, Alcohol Abuse & Eating Disorders — NCLEX-PN Review | Chapter 63: Saunders Chapter 63 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri delivers a thorough review of eating disorders, addiction, and substance abuse, emphasizing NCLEX-relevant nursing interventions and safe client care. This chapter covers anorexia, bulimia, binge eating, alcohol use disorder, and various substance-related conditions, offering evidence-based strategies for withdrawal management, crisis intervention, and long-term recovery support. Watch the lecture above for a full NCLEX-oriented review of addiction and eating disorders, then read on for the key nursing considerations and intervention strategies covered in this chapter. Eating Disorders Anorexia nervosa: extreme weight loss, restrictive eating, distorted body image, bradycardia, hypotension. Bulimia nervosa: binge-purge cycles, dental erosion, el...

Mental Health Disorders & Psychiatric Interventions — NCLEX-PN Review | Chapter 62: Saunders Chapter 62 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides a detailed review of mental health disorders, diagnostic features, and nursing interventions essential for NCLEX-PN success. This chapter covers anxiety, mood, psychotic, personality, and neurocognitive disorders, with a strong focus on therapeutic communication, safety, and individualized care planning. Watch the video above for a complete lecture on psychiatric interventions, then explore the breakdown below to reinforce your mental health nursing knowledge. Anxiety Disorders Types include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Interventions vary by severity—from environmental control and reassurance to crisis intervention during...

Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing Foundations — NCLEX-PN Review | Chapter 61: Saunders Chapter 61 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri introduces the essential principles of psychiatric-mental health nursing, focusing on the therapeutic nurse-client relationship, communication techniques, and the legal and ethical standards of care. This foundation supports NCLEX-PN candidates in developing safe, culturally sensitive, and client-centered psychiatric nursing practices. Watch the lecture above for a complete overview of psychiatric nursing foundations, then review the detailed breakdown below to strengthen your NCLEX preparation. Therapeutic Nurse-Client Relationship Core characteristics: empathy, trust, respect, professional boundaries, and cultural sensitivity. Phases of the relationship: Preinteraction: self-reflection and chart review. Orientation: establishin...

Immunological Medications for HIV, AIDS, & Transplant Care — NCLEX-PN Review | Chapter 60: Saunders Chapter 60 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri delivers a comprehensive review of immune-related pharmacology, focusing on medications for HIV/AIDS management, prevention of transplant rejection, treatment of opportunistic infections, and antibiotic therapy. This chapter equips NCLEX-PN candidates with essential drug mechanisms, side effect profiles, and nursing safety considerations for immune-modulating medications. Watch the lecture above for a complete immune medication review, then read the detailed breakdown below to reinforce your NCLEX-PN pharmacology knowledge. HIV/AIDS Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) NRTIs: abacavir, zidovudine, lamivudine — risks include anemia, lactic acidosis, hepatomegaly. NNRTIs: nevirapine, efavirenz — rash, hepatitis, CNS effects, Stevens-Johns...

Immune Disorders, HIV/AIDS, and Autoimmune Diseases — NCLEX-PN Review | Chapter 59: Saunders Chapter 59 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides a thorough and clinically focused review of immune system function, immune-related disorders, and essential nursing interventions. This chapter prepares NCLEX-PN candidates to recognize immune responses, manage hypersensitivity and autoimmune conditions, care for patients with HIV/AIDS, and implement infection prevention strategies. Watch the lecture above for a complete immune system nursing review, then read the detailed breakdown below to reinforce your NCLEX-PN pharmacology and pathophysiology knowledge. Immune System Overview Innate vs. Acquired Immunity: first-line defenses vs. learned immune responses. T-Cells: cell-mediated immunity, targeting infected or abnormal cells. B-Cells: antibody production, humoral immunity. ...

Musculoskeletal Medications — NCLEX-PN Pharmacology Review | Chapter 58: Saunders Chapter 58 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri offers a detailed overview of medications used for musculoskeletal disorders. It includes skeletal muscle relaxants, antigout agents, antiarthritic therapies, and osteoporosis drugs—covering drug actions, side effects, safety protocols, and NCLEX-focused teaching points. Watch the lecture above for a complete musculoskeletal pharmacology review, then use the detailed breakdown below for NCLEX-PN exam preparation. Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Examples: baclofen, cyclobenzaprine, dantrolene. Mechanisms: central vs peripheral action on muscle tone. Side effects: drowsiness, CNS depression, liver toxicity. Precautions: avoid alcohol/CNS depressants, monitor LFTs, caution with renal/cardiac disease. Antigout Medications Allopurinol, colchicine, prob...

Musculoskeletal Disorders, Fractures, & Joint Care — NCLEX-PN Orthopedic Nursing Review | Chapter 57: Saunders Chapter 57 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides a detailed review of musculoskeletal anatomy, common injuries, disorders, and critical nursing interventions. From bone healing and joint anatomy to fracture care and arthritis management, this chapter equips students with the knowledge and skills necessary for safe orthopedic nursing and NCLEX-PN success. Watch the lecture above for a complete musculoskeletal systems review, then read the breakdown below for exam-focused study points. Musculoskeletal Anatomy & Physiology Axial vs appendicular skeleton, types of bones and joints, synovial fluid function. Muscle contraction: actin, myosin, acetylcholine, ATP, and calcium roles. Bone healing stages: hematoma, callus formation, ossification, remodeling. Di...

Neurological Medications & NCLEX Pharmacology — NCLEX-PN Neurological Drug Review | Chapter 56: Saunders Chapter 56 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri delivers an in-depth breakdown of pharmacological agents used to treat neurological disorders, from myasthenia gravis and multiple sclerosis to seizure disorders, Parkinson’s disease, ADHD, and pain management. This chapter reinforces NCLEX-priority medication safety, side effect recognition, and patient education strategies for safe neurological care. Watch the lecture above and review the full medication details below to strengthen your NCLEX pharmacology readiness. Antimyasthenic Medications Pyridostigmine: increases muscle strength by improving neuromuscular transmission. Edrophonium: used in diagnosis and crisis differentiation — short-acting. Crisis identification: Myasthenic crisis — underdosing, improv...

Neurological Disorders, Stroke, & Spinal Injury — NCLEX Neurological Nursing Review | Chapter 55: Saunders NCLEX-PN Chapter 55 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri delivers a comprehensive review of the neurological system, from anatomy and physiology to diagnostics, disorders, injuries, and NCLEX-priority interventions. This chapter builds the knowledge base needed for safe, effective neurological nursing care and exam success. Watch the lecture above and review the detailed notes below to strengthen your neurological nursing skills for both clinical and NCLEX performance. Neurological Anatomy & Physiology Brain structures: cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, meninges. CSF circulation and the role of the blood-brain barrier. Neurotransmitters: dopamine, acetylcholine, serotonin, norepinephrine. Spinal cord anatomy: ascending/descending tracts, nerve roots. Neurol...

Eye & Ear Medications — NCLEX Sensory Pharmacology Review | Chapter 54: Saunders NCLEX-PN Chapter 54 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri delivers a complete guide to pharmacologic agents for eye and ear disorders, safe administration techniques, side effects, and NCLEX-priority nursing interventions. This chapter strengthens your understanding of sensory system pharmacology to ensure safe practice and exam success. Watch the lecture above and review the notes below to reinforce key medication knowledge for both NCLEX and clinical application. Eye Medication Administration Apply nasolacrimal pressure to reduce systemic absorption. Separate different medications by 3–5 minutes . Order: drops before ointments for maximum absorption. Mydriatics, Cycloplegics, and Anticholinergics Atropine, cyclopentolate: Used for dilation; contraindicated in glaucoma. Watch for sys...

Eye & Ear Disorders, Injuries, and Interventions — NCLEX Sensory System Review | Chapter 53: Saunders NCLEX-PN Chapter 53 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides a detailed study of eye and ear anatomy, common disorders, injuries, and interventions. It equips NCLEX-PN candidates with essential sensory system knowledge, including assessment techniques, diagnostic testing, medical and surgical management, and priority nursing care. Watch the video above and review the notes below to reinforce your understanding of eye and ear care for both the NCLEX and clinical practice. Eye Anatomy & Assessments Structures: Retina, macula, cornea, aqueous humor, lens, optic disc, pupil. Diagnostics: Fluorescein angiography, slit lamp, tonometry (IOP measurement), CT/MRI imaging. Common Eye Disorders Cataracts: Clouding of lens, vision loss, surgical removal, postop care (no ...

Renal & Urinary Medications — NCLEX Pharmacology for Antiseptics, Immunosuppressants, and Growth Factors | Chapter 52: Saunders NCLEX-PN Review Chapter 52 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri delivers a complete pharmacology guide to medications used in renal and urinary care. From urinary tract antiseptics and antibiotics to transplant immunosuppressants and hematopoietic growth factors, this chapter prepares NCLEX-PN candidates to administer medications safely, recognize adverse effects, and provide critical patient education. Watch the lecture above and use the study notes below to master renal and urinary medication safety for both the NCLEX exam and clinical practice. Urinary Tract Antiseptics Fosfomycin, methenamine, nitrofurantoin: Used for UTIs, require proper urine pH; contraindicated in renal impairment and certain liver conditions. Nursing points: Take with food to...

Renal Disorders, Dialysis, & Kidney Care — Anatomy, AKI, CKD, and NCLEX Nursing Interventions | Chapter 51: Saunders NCLEX-PN Review Chapter 51 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides an in-depth study of the renal system, from kidney anatomy and nephron function to complex renal disorders, dialysis procedures, and transplant care. This chapter emphasizes fluid and electrolyte balance, diagnostic interpretation, and NCLEX-priority nursing interventions for safe renal care. Watch the lecture above for a complete renal system review, then follow the detailed study notes below to prepare for the NCLEX-PN exam. Kidney Anatomy & Physiology Nephron structure — glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, tubules Functions — filtration, reabsorption, secretion, urine formation Hormonal regulation — ADH, aldosterone, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system pH balance — bicarbonate buffer...

Cardiovascular Medications & NCLEX Safety — Anticoagulants, Antianginals, Antihypertensives, and Pharmacology Review | Chapter 50: Saunders NCLEX-PN Review Chapter 50 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri delivers a comprehensive pharmacology review of cardiovascular medications. It outlines drug classifications, mechanisms of action, adverse effects, lab monitoring requirements, and NCLEX-priority nursing interventions to ensure medication safety in clinical practice. Watch the lecture above for the complete medication breakdown, then review the detailed NCLEX study notes below. Anticoagulants & Antiplatelets Warfarin: Monitor PT/INR; antidote is phytonadione (vitamin K) Heparin & Enoxaparin: Monitor aPTT; antidote is protamine sulfate Antiplatelets: Aspirin, clopidogrel—monitor for GI bleeding, bruising Thrombolytics Alteplase—administer within time window...

Cardiovascular Disorders & Interventions — Heart Disease, Diagnostics, Medications, and NCLEX Nursing Priorities | Chapter 49: Saunders NCLEX-PN Review Chapter 49 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri delivers a complete guide to cardiovascular disorders, their causes, diagnostics, medical and surgical treatments, and critical nursing interventions. It integrates pathophysiology with NCLEX-style safety and prioritization to prepare nursing students for both the exam and real-world clinical care. Watch the lecture above for a comprehensive cardiovascular review, then read below for detailed chapter notes and NCLEX-relevant highlights. Cardiac Anatomy & Physiology Heart chambers, valves, layers, and coronary circulation Electrical conduction system: SA node, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers Blood flow through pulmonary and systemic circuits Diagnostics & Ass...

Respiratory Medications & NCLEX Pharmacology — Bronchodilators, Steroids, TB Drugs, Vaccines, and Nursing Priorities | Chapter 48: Saunders NCLEX-PN Review Chapter 48 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides a complete overview of respiratory pharmacology, covering inhalation devices, medication classes, safety considerations, and NCLEX-style clinical applications. It ensures mastery of drug mechanisms, side effects, and patient teaching for safe and effective respiratory care. Watch the lecture above for a full breakdown, then review the detailed summary below to reinforce pharmacology knowledge for respiratory nursing and NCLEX success. Inhalation Devices & Administration Metered-Dose Inhalers (MDI), Dry Powder Inhalers (DPI), Nebulizers: Correct sequence, device cleaning, spacer use, rinsing mouth post-use Order of administration when using multiple inhalers: Bronc...

Respiratory Disorders & Critical Interventions — COPD, Pneumonia, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary Embolism, and NCLEX Nursing Priorities | Chapter 47: Saunders NCLEX-PN Review Chapter 47 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri delivers a thorough review of respiratory anatomy, diagnostics, common and critical disorders, and evidence-based nursing interventions. It integrates acute and chronic care concepts with NCLEX-style preparation, ensuring mastery of respiratory assessment, oxygen therapy, emergency response, and patient education. Watch the lecture above for an overview, then use the expanded breakdown below to prepare for respiratory-focused NCLEX questions. Respiratory Anatomy, Physiology & Diagnostics Key Structures: Upper and lower airways, alveoli, pleura, respiratory muscles Diagnostic Tests: CXR, ABGs, sputum culture, bronchoscopy, thoracentesis, pulmonary function test...

GI Medications & NCLEX Pharmacology — Antacids, PPIs, H. pylori Regimens, IBD/IBS Drugs, and NCLEX Nursing Priorities | Chapter 46: Saunders NCLEX-PN Review Chapter 46 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides a detailed breakdown of gastrointestinal (GI) medications by drug class, mechanism of action, side effects, contraindications, and nursing interventions. It includes NCLEX-style questions that help reinforce safe medication administration, critical thinking, and patient teaching for GI pharmacology. Watch the video above for a concise pharmacology review, then read the expanded notes below to solidify your understanding. Antacids & Gastric Protection Antacids: Aluminum, magnesium, calcium, and sodium-based — know side effects (constipation vs. diarrhea), dosing, and interactions Sucralfate: Protective barrier for ulcers — give on empty stomach, separate from oth...

GI Disorders, Liver Disease & Interventions — Diagnostic Procedures, Surgical Care, and NCLEX Nursing Priorities | Chapter 45: Saunders NCLEX-PN Review Chapter 45 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides an extensive review of gastrointestinal anatomy, disorders, diagnostic procedures, liver disease, surgical interventions, and NCLEX-focused nursing care. This chapter is essential for understanding GI assessment, treatment planning, and patient education. Watch the video above for a concise, high-yield breakdown of GI nursing, then read through the expanded notes below to reinforce your knowledge and NCLEX readiness. GI Anatomy & Diagnostic Procedures Colonoscopy, endoscopy, and capsule endoscopy — prep instructions, sedation monitoring, post-procedure care Paracentesis — pre- and post-procedure vital signs, abdominal girth measurement, fluid drainage monitoring Liv...

Endocrine Medications — Hormone Therapies, Antidiabetic Agents, and NCLEX Pharmacology Review | Chapter 44: Saunders NCLEX-PN Review Chapter 44 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides a complete review of medications used in managing endocrine disorders, from hormone replacements to advanced antidiabetic therapies. This chapter emphasizes NCLEX-priority drug safety, adverse effect monitoring, and patient teaching to support effective and safe pharmacologic care. Watch the video above for a focused review, then read the detailed breakdown below. For more NCLEX-PN pharmacology study tools, subscribe to Last Minute Lecture on YouTube. Pituitary Medications Growth Hormone: Somatropin — used for GH deficiency; monitor growth, watch for joint pain and hyperglycemia. Antidiuretic Hormones: Desmopressin, vasopressin — treat diabetes insipidus; monitor for water intoxication and hyp...

Endocrine System Disorders & Diabetes — Hormonal Regulation, Emergencies, and NCLEX Nursing Care | Chapter 43: Saunders NCLEX-PN Review Chapter 43 of Saunders Comprehensive Review for the NCLEX-PN® Examination (7th Edition) by Linda Anne Silvestri and Angela E. Silvestri provides an in-depth review of endocrine system anatomy, hormone regulation, diagnostic tests, and major disorders, with a strong focus on diabetes mellitus. This chapter integrates NCLEX-priority interventions, emergency care protocols, and long-term management strategies to prepare nursing students for endocrine-related questions and clinical challenges. Watch the video above for a concise high-yield overview, then review the expanded written notes below. Subscribe to Last Minute Lecture for more NCLEX-PN chapter breakdowns and nursing exam preparation content. Endocrine System Overview The endocrine system includes the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands, pancreas, ovaries, and testes. Ho...