Understanding Psychopathology — The Multidimensional Integrative Approach, Diathesis-Stress, and Neuroscience | Chapter 2 of Essentials of Abnormal Psychology

Psychopathology is rarely caused by a single factor. Chapter 2 of Essentials of Abnormal Psychology introduces the multidimensional integrative model, showing how biological, psychological, emotional, social, and developmental influences interact to produce mental disorders. In this summary, we’ll examine the diathesis-stress and gene-environment correlation models, the emerging field of epigenetics, key neuroscience insights, and the roles of cognition, emotion, culture, and lifespan development. Use this guide to deepen your understanding and ace your exams.

Watch the Chapter Summary

Prefer to learn by listening? Watch the full chapter summary below and be sure to subscribe to Last Minute Lecture for more chapter-based study guides.

The Multidimensional Integrative Approach

Gone are the days of single-cause theories. The multidimensional integrative approach recognizes that psychological disorders emerge from a tapestry of influences: genetics, brain function, personality, emotions, cultural context, and developmental history. This framework sets the stage for all modern research and clinical practice.

Diathesis-Stress & Gene-Environment Correlation Models

The diathesis-stress model explains how inherited vulnerabilities (diatheses) interact with life stressors to trigger disorders. Meanwhile, the gene-environment correlation model suggests our genetic makeup can shape the environments we encounter—sometimes increasing exposure to stress. Together, these models illuminate why two people with similar genes may respond differently to the same events.

Epigenetics and Mental Health

Epigenetics reveals that environmental factors—nutrition, trauma, toxins—can modify gene expression without altering the DNA code. Mechanisms like DNA methylation and histone modification influence brain development and emotional regulation, and some epigenetic changes can even be passed to the next generation.

Neuroscience Perspectives: Brain Circuits & Neurotransmitters

Neuroscience pinpoints how the limbic system governs emotion and memory while the cerebral cortex handles higher cognition. Key neurotransmitters—dopamine, serotonin, GABA, norepinephrine—modulate mood, arousal, and anxiety. Disruptions in these systems play critical roles in disorders like depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety.

Cognitive & Behavioral Influences

From classical conditioning to learned helplessness and observational learning, cognitive-behavioral science explains how thought patterns and learning histories shape vulnerability to disorders. Techniques such as systematic desensitization and cognitive restructuring arise directly from these principles.

Emotional, Cultural, Social & Developmental Factors

Emotions (affect), cultural norms, and social support systems all influence mental health. A strong support network can bolster resilience, while cultural stigma can hinder help-seeking. The life-span developmental perspective reminds us that age, milestones, and changing roles continuously reshape psychological functioning.

Conclusion: Embracing a Holistic View

By integrating biological, psychological, social, and developmental insights, clinicians and researchers can develop tailored interventions that address each individual’s unique profile of risk and resilience. Chapter 2 lays this essential groundwork for all subsequent study of psychological disorders.

For a deeper dive, watch the full video summary and explore more chapter guides from Last Minute Lecture.

Don’t forget to subscribe for more expertly crafted textbook summaries and exam preparation resources!

If you found this breakdown helpful, be sure to subscribe to Last Minute Lecture for more chapter-by-chapter textbook summaries and academic study guides.