Last Minute Lecture

Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals — Hormones, Signal Transduction, and Adaptation Explained | Chapter 39 of Campbell Biology Plants are dynamic organisms capable of perceiving and responding to an array of internal and external signals—light, gravity, temperature, touch, water, and threats from herbivores and pathogens. Chapter 39 of Biology reveals the intricate signaling pathways and hormonal controls that allow plants to grow, adapt, and survive in constantly changing environments. This chapter guides you through the fundamental mechanisms of signal transduction, hormone function, photoreceptor activity, and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Watch the full podcast summary below, then continue reading for key concepts, glossary terms, and real-world examples of plant adaptation and defense. Introduction: How Plants Sense and Respond Plants rely on a sophisticated system of receptors, hormones, and signal transduction pathways to detect envir...

PTSD and Trauma Disorders — Chapter 12 Summary from Clinical Psychopharmacology for Therapists Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is one of the most challenging and deeply rooted conditions in clinical mental health. Chapter 12 of Clinical Psychopharmacology for Therapists explores trauma-related disorders from both historical and neurobiological perspectives, helping therapists understand the enduring impact of trauma on the brain, behavior, and treatment planning. This chapter is vital for clinicians working with trauma survivors or preparing for careers in trauma-informed care. Watch the full summary above to explore the symptoms, causes, and science behind PTSD—and be sure to subscribe to Last Minute Lecture for more expert-led chapter breakdowns from essential psychology texts. What Is PTSD? Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms PTSD is classified as a trauma- and stressor-related disorder that occurs after exposure to a traumatic event involving death, serious injury, o...

How Brain Chemistry Shapes Mental Health — Chapter 3 Summary from Clinical Psychopharmacology for Therapists Understanding the biological foundations of mental health begins with the study of neurobiology. Chapter 3 of Clinical Psychopharmacology for Therapists provides a foundational overview of how neurons function, how chemical signals travel in the brain, and how disruptions in these processes can lead to psychiatric disorders. This knowledge is essential for clinicians and students looking to bridge neuroscience with therapeutic practice. Watch the full episode above to dive into the neuroscience behind mental health and discover how psychiatric medications work on a cellular level. Don’t forget to subscribe to Last Minute Lecture for more in-depth textbook summaries and educational breakdowns. The Nervous System and Neuron Function The brain communicates through billions of specialized cells called neurons. These cells process and transmit electrical impulses known as...