Last Minute Lecture

Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis — Transcription, RNA Processing, and Translation Explained | Chapter 7 of Karp’s Cell and Molecular Biology Chapter 7 of Karp’s Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments explores how genetic information encoded in DNA is transformed into functional proteins through the multistep process of gene expression. This chapter provides a thorough overview of transcription, RNA processing, translation, and gene regulation, illustrating how cells control when and how proteins are produced. This expanded summary deepens the concepts covered in the YouTube video and offers a structured, clear resource for students studying molecular biology or preparing for exams. For a guided explanation of each stage in gene expression, watch the video above. If you are finding these chapter summaries helpful, consider subscribing to the Last Minute Lecture YouTube channel to follow along with the entire textbook. Overview of Gene Expression Gene expr...

Genome Structure, Epigenetics, and Gene Regulation in Plants | Chapter 2 of Plant Physiology and Development Chapter 2 of Plant Physiology and Development provides a comprehensive exploration of genome structure, epigenetic regulation, and the molecular processes that shape plant phenotypes. This chapter examines how DNA organization, chromatin modifications, transcriptional control, and posttranscriptional mechanisms collectively regulate gene expression. It also introduces the evolutionary dynamics of plant genomes, including polyploidy, transposons, and cytoplasmic inheritance, while highlighting modern genetic tools used to study plant biology. To support your learning, watch the full Last Minute Lecture summary below. Watch the full chapter breakdown here: How Genome Structure Influences Plant Phenotypes Plant traits are determined not only by DNA sequences but also by epigenetic modifications and environmental factors. The chapter highlights three major contributors to...

Regulation of Gene Expression — Operons, Epigenetics, and Noncoding RNAs Explained | Chapter 18 of Campbell Biology Welcome to Last Minute Lecture! This post explores the complex world of gene expression regulation, as presented in Chapter 18 of Campbell Biology . Learn how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells control gene activity through operons, epigenetic modifications, transcription factors, and noncoding RNAs. Watch the full video summary below and subscribe for clear, chapter-by-chapter molecular biology breakdowns! Introduction: Why Regulating Gene Expression Matters Gene regulation ensures that the right genes are expressed at the right time, allowing cells to respond to environmental changes, specialize for different functions, and properly develop from a single fertilized egg. Misregulation can result in diseases like cancer. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes: The Operon Model Operons: Groups of bacterial genes regulated together under a single promoter. Examples...

Gene Expression — Transcription, Translation, and Mutations Explained | Chapter 17 of Campbell Biology Welcome to Last Minute Lecture! This post covers gene expression, the fundamental process by which genetic information flows from DNA to protein, as detailed in Chapter 17 of Campbell Biology . Explore the central dogma, transcription, translation, mutations, and cutting-edge gene-editing technologies. Watch the full video summary below and subscribe for clear, chapter-by-chapter molecular biology guides! Introduction: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Gene expression describes how the genetic code in DNA is ultimately used to build proteins. The central dogma—DNA → RNA → Protein—summarizes the flow of genetic information in all living organisms, linking genotype to phenotype. Transcription: DNA to mRNA Transcription: RNA polymerase reads a DNA template, synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA Processing in Eukaryotes: Addition of a 5′ cap, poly-A tail, and...