Last Minute Lecture

Regulation of Gene Expression — Operons, Epigenetics, and Noncoding RNAs Explained | Chapter 18 of Campbell Biology Welcome to Last Minute Lecture! This post explores the complex world of gene expression regulation, as presented in Chapter 18 of Campbell Biology . Learn how prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells control gene activity through operons, epigenetic modifications, transcription factors, and noncoding RNAs. Watch the full video summary below and subscribe for clear, chapter-by-chapter molecular biology breakdowns! Introduction: Why Regulating Gene Expression Matters Gene regulation ensures that the right genes are expressed at the right time, allowing cells to respond to environmental changes, specialize for different functions, and properly develop from a single fertilized egg. Misregulation can result in diseases like cancer. Gene Regulation in Prokaryotes: The Operon Model Operons: Groups of bacterial genes regulated together under a single promoter. Examples...

Gene Expression — Transcription, Translation, and Mutations Explained | Chapter 17 of Campbell Biology Welcome to Last Minute Lecture! This post covers gene expression, the fundamental process by which genetic information flows from DNA to protein, as detailed in Chapter 17 of Campbell Biology . Explore the central dogma, transcription, translation, mutations, and cutting-edge gene-editing technologies. Watch the full video summary below and subscribe for clear, chapter-by-chapter molecular biology guides! Introduction: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Gene expression describes how the genetic code in DNA is ultimately used to build proteins. The central dogma—DNA → RNA → Protein—summarizes the flow of genetic information in all living organisms, linking genotype to phenotype. Transcription: DNA to mRNA Transcription: RNA polymerase reads a DNA template, synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA Processing in Eukaryotes: Addition of a 5′ cap, poly-A tail, and...