Last Minute Lecture

Newton’s Laws of Motion – Force, Mass & Acceleration Explained | Chapter 4 of University Physics Chapter 4 of University Physics introduces Newton’s three laws of motion, establishing the fundamental relationship between forces, mass, and acceleration. This chapter covers the definition of force, the distinction between contact and long-range forces, and how the net force governs the motion of objects. You’ll learn how to apply Newton’s first, second, and third laws and utilize free-body diagrams to analyze complex systems. Defining Force and Types of Forces A force is any push or pull that can cause an object to accelerate. Forces are vector quantities characterized by both magnitude and direction. They include contact forces (such as tension and friction) and long-range forces (such as gravity). To find the net force acting on an object, sum all individual forces vectorially using head-to-tail addition or component methods. Newton’s First Law: Inertia and Equilibriu...

Straight-Line Motion, Displacement, Velocity & Acceleration Explained | Chapter 2 of University Physics In Chapter 2 of University Physics, we develop the core kinematic tools needed to describe motion along a single axis. We introduce displacement, average and instantaneous velocity, average and instantaneous acceleration, and learn to interpret x–t , v–t , and a–t graphs. You’ll also see how the four constant-acceleration equations apply to free‐fall problems and how integration generalizes motion analysis when acceleration varies. Key Kinematic Quantities Displacement (∆x) – Vector change in position along the x-axis. Average Velocity (v̄ₓ) – ∆x ÷ ∆t, direction-sensitive. Instantaneous Velocity (vₓ) – dx/dt; slope of the x–t graph. Average Acceleration (āₓ) – ∆vₓ ÷ ∆t. Instantaneous Acceleration (aₓ) – dvₓ/dt; slope of the v–t graph. Graphical Analysis of Motion Position-time ( x–t ) graphs reveal velocity as their slope, while velocity-time ( v–...