Thermal Properties of Matter & Kinetic Molecular Theory Explained | Chapter 18 of University Physics
Thermal Properties of Matter & Kinetic Molecular Theory Explained | Chapter 18 of University Physics Chapter 18 bridges the macroscopic thermal behavior of materials with the microscopic motions of their molecules. In this summary, we explore equations of state for gases, the kinetic-molecular model, molecular speed distributions, heat capacities via equipartition, and phase behavior through phase diagrams and critical points. Equations of State Ideal Gas Law: pV = nRT, relating pressure, volume, temperature, and moles. Alternate form: pV = (m/M)RT to find gas density. Combined Gas Law: (p₁V₁)/T₁ = (p₂V₂)/T₂ for changing conditions. Real gases: Deviate at high pressures/low temperatures; above the critical temperature , liquefaction is impossible. Kinetic-Molecular Model of Gases The model treats molecules as point particles in random, elastic collisions. From collisions against container walls, one derives: pV = (1/3) N m ⟨v²⟩ , linking pressure to ...